The submicron emulsions, an isotropic mixture of drug, lipids, and surfactants, with hydrophilic co-solvents and droplet diameters ranging from 10 to 500 nm, are of increasing interest in medicine due to their kinetic stability, high solubilizing capacity, and tiny globule size. Some nanoemulsions have demonstrated effective destruction of HIV-1 and tuberculosis pathogens on non-porous surfaces. The most useful application of this type of nanoemulsion is for the disinfection of surfaces. These nanoemulsions are not currently used intravenously because they could potentially cause sterility. The soybean oil emulsion is not toxic to healthy human cells, or the cells of most other higher organisms, with the exception of sperm cells and blood cells, which are vulnerable to nanoemulsions due to the singularity of their membrane structures. This action disintegrates the membrane and kills the microbe. The oil is emulsified using a high-shear mixer to stabilize the emulsion so, when the droplets come in contact with lipids in a cell membrane of bacteria or the envelope of a virus, they cause the lipids to merge with themselves. The smaller the droplet, the more significant the surface tension, and thus the more significant the force required to merge with other lipids. The process of creating these microemulsions is not chemical, as with other types of antimicrobial treatments, but mechanical. Emulsions utilized in these techniques are soybean oil nanoemulsions, with particles in the range of 400 to 600 nm in diameter. Microemulsions are a vehicle by which to deliver vaccines or kill microbes. The two systems differ significantly since nanoemulsions form by mechanical shear, and microemulsion phases form by self-assembly. Thermal stability is not true for nanoemulsions, which are somewhat more stable than standard emulsions, but only kinetically stable. Microemulsions form spontaneously and are thermodynamically stable. Nanoemulsions are nano-sized emulsions, manufactured for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. For oral administration, the compound may be given in the form of a tablet, capsule, granule, or powder. Fat emulsions serve as dietary complements for patients who cannot get the required fat solely from their diet. Intravenous and parenteral emulsions may be used for nutritive therapy applications when a patient is unable to consume food or receive nutrition. They are used to make medications more palatable, to improve their effectiveness via dosage control of active ingredients, and to provide better aesthetics for topical drugs such as ointments. Emulsions allow the encapsulation of an active ingredient in the dispersed phase, to protect it from degradation and to preserve its activity in a sustained manner. These emulsions are called creams, ointments, balms, pastes, films, or liquids, depending on their oil-to-water ratios, the addition of other additives, and their intended administration route. These are usually oil and water emulsions, albeit dispersed. Thus, hydrophilic surfactants foster O/W emulsions, whereas lipophilic surfactants promote W/O emulsions.Įmulsions are frequently used in pharmaceuticals, personal hygiene products, and cosmetics. Usually, the phase in which the surfactant exhibits the greatest solubility becomes the continuous phase. Industries use emulsifying agents, e.g., surfactants to maintain a static structure. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable as both the dispersed and continuous phases can revert as separate phases, oil, and water by fusion or the coalescing of droplets. In contrast, the emulsion has two liquid components that are initially immiscible with each other.Įmulsions, as liquids, do not demonstrate a static internal structure. The critical difference between colloid and emulsion is that colloid can form when any state of matter (solid, gas, or liquid) combine with a liquid. A colloid is a mixture of a compound that is in solid, liquid, or gas state and a liquid. Emulsions are a sub-class of colloids, which are two-phase systems of matter.Īlthough the terms colloid and emulsion are at times used indistinctly, emulsion applies only when both phases, dispersed and continuous, are liquids.
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